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The ADA Monthly Intellectual
Property
Wrap-Up ----------------------------------------------------------------
A summary of recent legislation, cases, reports and other events relating to
intellectual property and the public interest, published by the Australian
Digital Alliance.
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January/February
2006 --------------------------------------------------------------
[1] About this Publication [2] TPM Report Now Available: The
Recommendations & Some Preliminary Comments [3] Orphaned Works On the
Agenda [4] The Adelphi Charter on Creativity, Innovation and IP [5] I can
copy, right?
[1] About this publication
This summary of
recent IP (but chiefly copyright) happenings of relevance to Australia is
published by email and on the Australian Digital Alliance website at
http://www.digital.org.au/issue/issue.htm. If you have
any suggestions as to what should go in the next issue, please let Sarah
Waladan know by email: (swaladan@nla.gov.au).
Nothing in
this publication constitutes legal advice.
[2] TPM Report Now
Available
As you will recall, the Attorney-General last year
requested that the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and
Constitutional affairs ('LACA Committee'), review what sorts of exceptions
Australia should adopt to the ban on circumvention of technological protection
measures ('TPMs'), in light of Australia's obligations under the free trade
agreement with the US (AUSFTA). Background material regarding this review
was provided in the August/September ADA
Wrap
The Committee's task involved not only ascertaining which
additional exceptions are now appropriate in light of technological change, but
also, whether the exceptions that already exist in the Copyright Act, such as
the broad exceptions which currently apply to educational and cultural
institutions, are consistent with the AUSFTA and should therefore be retained.
On 1 March 2006 the LACA Committee tabled its report in Parliament, and
the full 186 page report is now accessible on the
Committee's website.
The Report contains 37 recommendations, which
include that the following exceptions to liability for TPM circumvention be
included in the implementation of Article 17.4.7 of the AUSFTA:
- The existing permitted purposes and
exceptions in the Copyright Act should be maintained;
- Exceptions should be included for fair
dealing with copyright material for criticism, review, news reporting, judicial
proceedings, and professional advice;
- An exception should be included to enable
circumvention for access to mixed works consisting of both copyright material
andnon-copyright material where the amount of non-copyright material in the
work is substantial;
- Exceptions should be included for inclusion
of copyright material in broadcasts and reproduction for broadcasting
purposes;
- The provision of copyright material to
members of Parliament, and the use of copyright material for services of the
Crown, should be included as exceptions;
- An exception should be included for
circumstances where a software or hardware TPM is obsolete, lost, damaged,
defective, malfunctioning, or unusable, and where support or a replacement TPM
is not provided;
- That exceptions be included to allow access
where a TPM interferes with or causes damage or a malfunction to a product, or
where circumvention is necessary to repair a product;
- That exceptions be included for circumvention
where software is installed involuntarily or without acceptance, or where the
user has no awareness or reasonable control over the presence of a TPM;
- That exceptions to liability be included for
making back-up copies of computer programs, and for reproducing or adapting
computer programs for interoperability between computer programs and data, and
for correcting errors.
The Committee also recommended that if the
following activities become non-infringing activities in future (for example,
as a result of the current fair dealing review), that the Government seriously
look at implementing corresponding TPM exceptions:
- Activities for assisting students with
disabilities outside Part VB of the Copyright Act;
- Use of abandonware;
- Use of orphaned works;
- Making back-up copies of copyright material
other than computer programs;
- Format shifting.
In addition, the Committee made the following
recommendations
- Regional coding devices should be
specifically excluded from the definition of 'TPM' in the legislation
implementing the AUSFTA;
- That the Government should look at the
classification of devices used as accessibility aids by or for those with a
print disability with a view to including exceptions for these;
- That the Government consult with the National
Gallery of Australia and any other relevant institutions prior to
implementation of Article 17.4.7 to identify an appropriate exception for TPM
circumvention for the temporary reproduction of digital material for exhibition
and preservation purposes;
- That the definition of 'TPM' requires a
direct link between access control and copyright protection; this
recommendation is consistent with the Stevens v. Sony decision, and consistent
with the way that the US Courts have interpreted 'TPM'. In other words, a
measure which prevents access to material is not necessarily a 'TPM' unless it
also protects copyright in that material;
- That the implementing legislation should
nullify any agreements purporting to exclude or limit the application of
permitted exceptions (i.e. that, as was recommended by the CLRC in its
"Copyright and Contract" Report of 2002; contracting out of the exceptions be
outlawed).
Finally, the Committee recommended that in
relation to future reviews (which Australia has agreed to undertake at least
every 4 years under the AUSFTA);
- These should be conducted by the
Attorney-General's Department every four years according to a statutorily
defined process;
- There should be a statutory process by which
the Attorney-General can consider ad hoc requests for additional
exceptions;
- That exceptions should be introduced via
subordinate legislation rather than via amendments to the Copyright Act.
The report brings some very welcome news for
the ADA and reinforces the importance of the exceptions to fair and balanced
copyright laws. It also reinforces that a 'balanced' approach requires that
copyright laws protect copyright. Consistent with the WIPO Copyright Treaties
(WCT & WPPT) negotiated in
1996, which Australia is also in the process of acceding to in accordance with
the AUSFTA, the Committee found that copyright laws should not extend to
restricting the public's ability to access works where that restriction is
unrelated to copyright protection. The Committee's work paves the way for
implementation of the AUSFTA in a manner that does not encroach upon the
current copyright exceptions, that retains a balanced approach to copyright law
in the digital environment, and in a way that ensures that access remains, as
it always has, outside of the exclusive rights of the copyright
holder.
Interestingly, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade,
Mark Vaile will on 7 March 2006 co-chair the inaugural AUSFTA Joint Committee,
and discuss the first year of operation of the AUSFTA. (Media
Release available)
Despite this positive assessment in relation to
the AUSFTA, it appears that Australia has a 'huge trade deficit' (ABC news)
and will be urging the US to allow more imports of sugar.
[3]
Orphaned Works On the Agenda
At this year's annual
ACIPA conference
a representative from the Attorney-General's Department spoke about the
Government's copyright reform agenda for this year, which at this stage may
(subject to final approval by the Attorney-General) include a review in
relation to orphaned works.
This issue was of course raised by the
ADA (and many
other) submissions to the
fair
use review, however, this is perhaps a strong indication that orphaned
works will not be dealt with as part of the fair dealing or digital agenda
reforms, but rather at a later stage in the year.
As discussed in a previous edition of
this publication, the US Copyright Office last year initiated a review in
relation to the status of orphaned works in the US. The US Copyright Office was
concerned that "the uncertainty surrounding works whose owners are difficult or
even impossible to locate might needlessly discourage subsequent creators and
users from incorporating such works in new creative efforts or making such
works available to the public".
After receiving 850 written comments on
the issue, the US Copyright Office in January of this year released its (206
page) report entitled "Report on
Orphan Works".
In its report, the US Copyright Office recognised
that orphan works pose a real problem that is not adequately dealt with by
existing laws, which failed to provide sufficient guidance on how such works
should be used.
The key recommendation of the Office, is that an
additional provision be inserted into the US Copyright Act, which essentially
states [summary only] that:
If 'the infringer' (user of
the orphaned work) performed a good faith, reasonably diligent
search to locate the owner of the work;
And if throughout the use of the work,
the infringer provided attribution to the author and copyright owner of the
work if possible and as appropriate under the circumstances;
Then the remedies available to the
copyright holder shall be limited as follows:
(1) No award for monetary damages other than
an order requiring the infringer to pay reasonable compensation for the use
of the work, provided that the use is not for direct or indirect commercial
advantage and the infringer ceases the use expeditiously after receiving notice
of the claim for infringement; and
(2) Where 'an infringer' has prepared or
commenced preparing a derivative work that recasts, transforms, or adapts the
infringed work with a significant amount of the infringers expression, a
Court will not restrain the continued preparation & use of that derivative
work, provided that reasonable compensation is provided to the copyright
owner & provided that reasonable attribution to the author and copyright
owner are made as determined by a Court.
The provision also
states that in all other cases not falling under such circumstances; a Court
will take into account a users reliance upon this provision; and that the
provision does not affect rights, limitations or defences to copyright
infringement including fair use.
The recommended text of the provision
can be found at page 127 of
the Report.
The Copyright Office seems to have found a very
promising solution to the orphaned works issue, that could be very useful for
Australia to look at when (if) we go through this review process later in the
year. Given the vast number of orphaned works which exist, in educational and
cultural institutions particularly, the Copyright Office's approach, which does
not involve seeking permission from an administrative or other body prior to
use of the orphaned work, seems like a practically workable solution.
It has been suggested by some, (such as the
Australian Copyright Council for example) that a system for orphaned works
akin to the one in Canada might be an option for Australia, so that those
wishing to use orphaned work would have to seek permission from a body such as
the Copyright Tribunal to be able to make use of an orphaned
work.
However, as can be seen from the website of the
Copyright Board of
Canada, only
177 licenses have been issued by the board since 1990. This may suggest
that the license system is not working well, based on the assumption that 177
is a very low number and perhaps indicative of the fact that people are
electing to adopt a risk analysis approach to the use of orphaned works rather
than seeking licenses in all instances? This will be an area where statistics
and examples from Australian institutions will be very useful in order to find
the best solution for Australia.
[4] The Adelphi Charter on
Creativity, Innovation and IP
The
Adelphi
Charter is a broad statement of principles that was launched in London by
a range of experts from
the arts, creative industries, human rights, law, economics, science, R&D,
technology, the public sector and education.
Recently, AESharenet
jointly
sponsored a one day
seminar to launch the Charter and its principles in Australia.
These broad based principles are probably familiar to many of you,
however this may provide an opportunity to provide a new framework for the
copyright debate in the digital age.
Your thoughts or comments on the
contents of the Charter are welcome:
swaladan@nla.gov.au
[5] I can copy, right? Yes,
you can copy this publication. Feel free to send it to friends or colleagues,
print it off or even archive it on your website provided that all text is
included or, in the case of an excerpt, appropriate credit is
given
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