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The ADA Monthly Intellectual Property Wrap-Up
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A summary of recent legislation, cases, reports and other events relating to intellectual property and the public interest, published by the Australian Digital Alliance.
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January/February 2006
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[1] About this Publication
[2] TPM Report Now Available: The Recommendations & Some Preliminary Comments
[3] Orphaned Works On the Agenda
[4] The Adelphi Charter on Creativity, Innovation and IP
[5] I can copy, right?

[1] About this publication

This summary of recent IP (but chiefly copyright) happenings of relevance to Australia is published by email and on the Australian Digital Alliance website at http://www.digital.org.au/issue/issue.htm. If you have any suggestions as to what should go in the next issue, please let Sarah Waladan know by email: (swaladan@nla.gov.au).

Nothing in this publication constitutes legal advice.

[2] TPM Report Now Available

As you will recall, the Attorney-General last year requested that the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional affairs ('LACA Committee'), review what sorts of exceptions Australia should adopt to the ban on circumvention of technological protection measures ('TPMs'), in light of Australia's obligations under the free trade agreement with the US (AUSFTA).
Background material regarding this review was provided in the August/September ADA Wrap

The Committee's task involved not only ascertaining which additional exceptions are now appropriate in light of technological change, but also, whether the exceptions that already exist in the Copyright Act, such as the broad exceptions which currently apply to educational and cultural institutions, are consistent with the AUSFTA and should therefore be retained.

On 1 March 2006 the LACA Committee tabled its report in Parliament, and the full 186 page report is now accessible on the Committee's website.

The Report contains 37 recommendations, which include that the following exceptions to liability for TPM circumvention be included in the implementation of Article 17.4.7 of the AUSFTA:
  • The existing permitted purposes and exceptions in the Copyright Act should be maintained;
  • Exceptions should be included for fair dealing with copyright material for criticism, review, news reporting, judicial proceedings, and professional advice;
  • An exception should be included to enable circumvention for access to mixed works consisting of both copyright material andnon-copyright material where the amount of non-copyright material in the work is substantial;
  • Exceptions should be included for inclusion of copyright material in broadcasts and reproduction for broadcasting purposes;
  • The provision of copyright material to members of Parliament, and the use of copyright material for services of the Crown, should be included as exceptions;
  • An exception should be included for circumstances where a software or hardware TPM is obsolete, lost, damaged, defective, malfunctioning, or unusable, and where support or a replacement TPM is not provided;
  • That exceptions be included to allow access where a TPM interferes with or causes damage or a malfunction to a product, or where circumvention is necessary to repair a product;
  • That exceptions be included for circumvention where software is installed involuntarily or without acceptance, or where the user has no awareness or reasonable control over the presence of a TPM;
  • That exceptions to liability be included for making back-up copies of computer programs, and for reproducing or adapting computer programs for interoperability between computer programs and data, and for correcting errors.
The Committee also recommended that if the following activities become non-infringing activities in future (for example, as a result of the current fair dealing review), that the Government seriously look at implementing corresponding TPM exceptions:
  • Activities for assisting students with disabilities outside Part VB of the Copyright Act;
  • Use of abandonware;
  • Use of orphaned works;
  • Making back-up copies of copyright material other than computer programs;
  • Format shifting.
In addition, the Committee made the following recommendations
  • Regional coding devices should be specifically excluded from the definition of 'TPM' in the legislation implementing the AUSFTA;
  • That the Government should look at the classification of devices used as accessibility aids by or for those with a print disability with a view to including exceptions for these;
  • That the Government consult with the National Gallery of Australia and any other relevant institutions prior to implementation of Article 17.4.7 to identify an appropriate exception for TPM circumvention for the temporary reproduction of digital material for exhibition and preservation purposes;
  • That the definition of 'TPM' requires a direct link between access control and copyright protection; this recommendation is consistent with the Stevens v. Sony decision, and consistent with the way that the US Courts have interpreted 'TPM'. In other words, a measure which prevents access to material is not necessarily a 'TPM' unless it also protects copyright in that material;
  • That the implementing legislation should nullify any agreements purporting to exclude or limit the application of permitted exceptions (i.e. that, as was recommended by the CLRC in its "Copyright and Contract" Report of 2002; contracting out of the exceptions be outlawed).
Finally, the Committee recommended that in relation to future reviews (which Australia has agreed to undertake at least every 4 years under the AUSFTA);
  • These should be conducted by the Attorney-General's Department every four years according to a statutorily defined process;
  • There should be a statutory process by which the Attorney-General can consider ad hoc requests for additional exceptions;
  • That exceptions should be introduced via subordinate legislation rather than via amendments to the Copyright Act.
The report brings some very welcome news for the ADA and reinforces the importance of the exceptions to fair and balanced copyright laws. It also reinforces that a 'balanced' approach requires that copyright laws protect copyright. Consistent with the WIPO Copyright Treaties (WCT & WPPT) negotiated in 1996, which Australia is also in the process of acceding to in accordance with the AUSFTA, the Committee found that copyright laws should not extend to restricting the public's ability to access works where that restriction is unrelated to copyright protection. The Committee's work paves the way for implementation of the AUSFTA in a manner that does not encroach upon the current copyright exceptions, that retains a balanced approach to copyright law in the digital environment, and in a way that ensures that access remains, as it always has, outside of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder.

Interestingly, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade, Mark Vaile will on 7 March 2006 co-chair the inaugural AUSFTA Joint Committee, and discuss the first year of operation of the AUSFTA. (Media Release available)

Despite this positive assessment in relation to the AUSFTA, it appears that Australia has a 'huge trade deficit' (ABC news) and will be urging the US to allow more imports of sugar.

[3] Orphaned Works On the Agenda

At this year's annual ACIPA conference a representative from the Attorney-General's Department spoke about the Government's copyright reform agenda for this year, which at this stage may (subject to final approval by the Attorney-General) include a review in relation to orphaned works.

This issue was of course raised by the ADA (and many other) submissions to the fair use review, however, this is perhaps a strong indication that orphaned works will not be dealt with as part of the fair dealing or digital agenda reforms, but rather at a later stage in the year.

As discussed in a previous edition of this publication, the US Copyright Office last year initiated a review in relation to the status of orphaned works in the US. The US Copyright Office was concerned that "the uncertainty surrounding works whose owners are difficult or even impossible to locate might needlessly discourage subsequent creators and users from incorporating such works in new creative efforts or making such works available to the public".

After receiving 850 written comments on the issue, the US Copyright Office in January of this year released its (206 page) report entitled "Report on Orphan Works".

In its report, the US Copyright Office recognised that orphan works pose a real problem that is not adequately dealt with by existing laws, which failed to provide sufficient guidance on how such works should be used.

The key recommendation of the Office, is that an additional provision be inserted into the US Copyright Act, which essentially states [summary only] that:

If 'the infringer' (user of the orphaned work) performed a good faith, reasonably diligent search to locate the owner of the work;

And if throughout the use of the work, the infringer provided attribution to the author and copyright owner of the work if possible and as appropriate under the circumstances;

Then the remedies available to the copyright holder shall be limited as follows:

(1) No award for monetary damages other than an order requiring the infringer to pay reasonable compensation for the use of the work, provided that the use is not for direct or indirect commercial advantage and the infringer ceases the use expeditiously after receiving notice of the claim for infringement; and

(2) Where 'an infringer' has prepared or commenced preparing a derivative work that recasts, transforms, or adapts the infringed work with a significant amount of the infringers expression, a Court will not restrain the continued preparation & use of that derivative work, provided that reasonable compensation is provided to the copyright owner & provided that reasonable attribution to the author and copyright owner are made as determined by a Court.

The provision also states that in all other cases not falling under such circumstances; a Court will take into account a users reliance upon this provision; and that the provision does not affect rights, limitations or defences to copyright infringement including fair use.

The recommended text of the provision can be found at page 127 of the Report.

The Copyright Office seems to have found a very promising solution to the orphaned works issue, that could be very useful for Australia to look at when (if) we go through this review process later in the year. Given the vast number of orphaned works which exist, in educational and cultural institutions particularly, the Copyright Office's approach, which does not involve seeking permission from an administrative or other body prior to use of the orphaned work, seems like a practically workable solution.

It has been suggested by some, (such as the Australian Copyright Council for example) that a system for orphaned works akin to the one in Canada might be an option for Australia, so that those wishing to use orphaned work would have to seek permission from a body such as the Copyright Tribunal to be able to make use of an orphaned work.

However, as can be seen from the website of the Copyright Board of Canada, only 177 licenses have been issued by the board since 1990. This may suggest that the license system is not working well, based on the assumption that 177 is a very low number and perhaps indicative of the fact that people are electing to adopt a risk analysis approach to the use of orphaned works rather than seeking licenses in all instances? This will be an area where statistics and examples from Australian institutions will be very useful in order to find the best solution for Australia.

[4] The Adelphi Charter on Creativity, Innovation and IP

The Adelphi Charter is a broad statement of principles that was launched in London by a range of experts from the arts, creative industries, human rights, law, economics, science, R&D, technology, the public sector and education.

Recently, AESharenet jointly sponsored a one day seminar to launch the Charter and its principles in Australia.

These broad based principles are probably familiar to many of you, however this may provide an opportunity to provide a new framework for the copyright debate in the digital age.

Your thoughts or comments on the contents of the Charter are welcome: swaladan@nla.gov.au

[5] I can copy, right?
Yes, you can copy this publication. Feel free to send it to friends or colleagues, print it off or even archive it on your website provided that all text is included or, in the case of an excerpt, appropriate credit is given

 
 
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